Learning focus
Use precise biological vocabulary, interpret diagrams and data, explain mechanisms as linked sequences, and evaluate biological applications and environmental decisions.
Inserted crop traits
Genes can be inserted to confer herbicide resistance, resistance to insect pests or production of additional vitamins. A useful trait can increase yield, improve nutrition or reduce crop losses.
Potential advantages
Pest-resistant crops may reduce insecticide use, while herbicide-resistant crops can simplify weed control. Vitamin-enriched crops may help address dietary deficiency. Higher or more reliable yield can improve food supply.
Potential risks
The inserted gene might spread by pollination to wild relatives, and resistant weeds or pests may evolve. Non-target organisms and food webs may be affected. Heavy dependence on a small number of varieties may reduce biodiversity.
Balanced evaluation
Claims should compare the modified crop with realistic alternatives and consider local conditions. Evidence may differ between traits. A conclusion should weigh probability and severity of risks against benefits, monitoring and management.
Practical or data skill
Evaluate a short case study by separating evidence, claimed benefit, possible risk and proposed monitoring.
Examination tip
Do not treat all GM crops as identical; discuss the particular inserted trait and context.
Review questions and suggested answers
Question 1
Name three syllabus GM crop traits.
Suggested answer
Herbicide resistance, insect-pest resistance and additional vitamins.
Question 2
Give one possible environmental risk.
Suggested answer
Gene transfer, resistant pests or effects on non-target species.
Question 3
Why is monitoring important?
Suggested answer
To detect unexpected effects and check whether benefits persist.
