1 Cells
1.1 Cell theory, organisation and the nature of living systemsPreview
1.2 Animal cell structure and organelle functionsPreview
1.3 Plant cell structure, support and photosynthetic adaptationsPreview
1.4 Bacterial cells and comparisons with eukaryotic cellsPreview
1.5 Specialised cells, tissues, organs and organ systemsPreview
1.6 Microscopy, temporary slides and biological drawingsPreview
1.7 Magnification, scale bars and metric-unit calculationsPreview
2 Classification
2.1 Classification, species and binomial namingPreview
2.2 The five kingdoms and the position of virusesPreview
2.3 Vertebrate classificationPreview
2.4 Arthropods, ferns and flowering plantsPreview
2.5 Constructing and using dichotomous keysPreview
3 Movement into and out of cells
3.1 Diffusion, concentration gradients and exchange surfacesPreview
3.2 Factors affecting the rate of diffusionPreview
3.3 Osmosis, water potential and partially permeable membranesPreview
3.4 Osmosis investigations, data processing and evaluationPreview
3.5 Active transport and mineral-ion uptakePreview
4 Biological molecules
4.1 Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and DNAPreview
4.2 Food tests, controls and reliable observationsPreview
5 Enzymes
5.1 Enzymes as biological catalysts and the lock-and-key modelPreview
5.2 Temperature, kinetic energy and enzyme denaturation
5.3 pH, enzyme investigations and evaluating reaction progressPreview
6 Plant nutrition
6.1 Photosynthesis: purpose, raw materials and equationsPreview
6.2 Photosynthesis: purpose, raw materials and equationsPreview
6.3 Chloroplasts, chlorophyll and energy transferPreview
6.4 Uses and storage of carbohydrates made in photosynthesis
6.5 Testing a leaf for starch and the need for destarchingPreview
6.6 Investigating the need for lightPreview
6.7 Investigating the need for chlorophyllPreview
6.8 Investigating the need for carbon dioxidePreview
6.9 Rate of photosynthesis and limiting factorsPreview
6.10 Investigating photosynthesis with aquatic plantsPreview
6.11 Leaf external features and adaptation for photosynthesisPreview
6.12 Dicot leaf cross-section and tissue adaptationsPreview
6.13 Stomata, guard cells and gas exchangePreview
6.14 Mineral nutrition: nitrate, magnesium and deficiency symptomsPreview
7 Transport in flowering plants
7.1 Root hair cells and uptake of water and mineral ionsPreview
7.2 The pathway of water through root, stem and leafPreview
7.3 Root and stem cross-sections: locating xylem, phloem and cortexPreview
7.4 Xylem structure, water transport and supportPreview
7.5 Transpiration: evaporation, diffusion and water lossPreview
7.6 Transpiration pull and cohesion of waterPreview
7.7 Environmental factors affecting transpirationPreview
7.8 Using a potometer to investigate water uptakePreview
7.8 Wilting, turgor and plant water balancePreview
7.9 Translocation in phloem: sources and sinksPreview
7.10 Comparing xylem and phloem and integrating plant transportPreview
8 Human Nutrition
8.1 Nutrients, food sources and their dietary importancePreview
8.2 Balanced diets and changing energy requirementsPreview
8.3 Deficiency diseases, malnutrition and diet-related riskPreview
8.4 Overview of the alimentary canal and accessory organsPreview
8.5 Physical digestion, chemical digestion and peristalsisPreview
8.6 Types and structure of human teethPreview
8.7 Digestion in the mouth and the action of amylasePreview
8.8 The stomach, hydrochloric acid and proteasePreview
8.9 Liver, gall bladder, bile and lipid digestionPreview
8.10 Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in the small intestinePreview
8.11 Absorption, assimilation and the structure of a villusPreview
8.12 Absorption pathways, water uptake and the hepatic portal veinPreview
Human Gas Exchange
9.1 Anatomy of the human gas exchange systemPreview
9.2 Alveoli as efficient gas exchange surfacesPreview
9.3 Inspired and expired air: composition and investigationPreview
9.4 Mechanics of inhalation and exhalationPreview
9.5 Intercostal muscles, ribs and thoracic pressure changesPreview
9.6 Effect of exercise on breathing rate and depthPreview
9.7 Protection of the airways by mucus, goblet cells and ciliaPreview
10 Respiration
10.1 Respiration and the uses of released energyPreview
10.2 Aerobic respiration and its equationsPreview
10.3 Anaerobic respiration in human musclePreview
10.4 EPOC, oxygen debt and recovery after exercisePreview
10.5 Anaerobic respiration in yeast and fermentationPreview
10.6 Investigating the effect of temperature on yeast respirationPreview
10.7 Comparing aerobic and anaerobic respirationPreview
11 Transport in Humans
11.1 The circulatory system and double circulationPreview
11.2 External and internal anatomy of the mammalian heartPreview
11.3 The heartbeat, pressure changes and valve actionPreview
11.4 Monitoring heart activity: pulse, heart sounds and ECGPreview
11.5 Exercise, heart rate and recovery investigationsPreview
11.6 Coronary heart disease: causes, risk and preventionPreview
11.7 Main blood vessels and routes through organsPreview
11.8 Arteries, veins and capillaries: structure and functionPreview
11.9 Blood composition and identifying blood cellsPreview
11.10 Red blood cells, haemoglobin and oxygen transportPreview
11.11 White blood cells: phagocytes and lymphocytesPreview
11.12 Platelets, fibrin and blood clottingPreview
11.13 Plasma transport and linking organsPreview
11.14 Capillary exchange and tissue fluidPreview
12 Disease and Immunity
12.1 Pathogens, transmissible disease and routes of spreadPreview
12.2 Malaria: parasite, vector and transmission cyclePreview
12.3 HIV transmission, AIDS and controlPreview
12.4 Cholera: transmission, toxin action and controlPreview
12.5 Alcohol as a drug: biological and social effectsPreview
12.6 Tobacco smoke, toxic components and diseasePreview
12.7 Drugs, antibiotics and why viruses are unaffectedPreview
12.8 Antibiotic resistance, MRSA and stewardshipPreview
12.9 Antigens, antibodies and specificityPreview
12.10 Vaccination and active immunityPreview
12.11 Passive immunity, placenta and breast milkPreview
13 Excretion
13.1 Excretion, metabolic waste and the role of organsPreview
13.2 The urinary system and functions of its organsPreview
13.3 Nephron structure and associated blood vesselsPreview
13.4 Filtration, selective reabsorption and urine formationPreview
13.5 The liver, amino-acid assimilation and deaminationPreview
14 Coordination & Control
14.1 Organisation of the nervous system and coordinationPreview
14.2 Sensory, relay and motor neuronesPreview
14.3 Reflex actions and simple reflex arcsPreview
14.4 Synapses and one-way transmissionPreview
14.5 Sense organs and receptor specificityPreview
14.6 Structure and function of the mammalian eyePreview
14.7 The pupil reflex and antagonistic iris musclesPreview
14.8 Accommodation for near and distant visionPreview
14.9 Hormones and the endocrine systemPreview
14.10 Adrenaline and comparison of nervous and hormonal controlPreview
14.11 Homeostasis, set points and negative feedbackPreview
14.12 Skin structure and temperature monitoringPreview
14.13 Thermoregulatory responses to heat and coldPreview
14.14 Blood glucose control by insulin, glucagon and the liverPreview
14.15 Type 1 diabetes and insulin treatmentPreview
15 Coordination & Response in Plants
15.1 Tropisms: directional growth responsesPreview
15.2 Auxin and shoot phototropismPreview
15.3 Gravitropism in shoots and rootsPreview
15.4 Investigating phototropism and gravitropismPreview
16 Development of Organisms & Continuity of Life
16.1 Chromosomes, genes, haploid and diploid nucleiPreview
16.2 Mitosis: growth, repair and replacementPreview
16.3 Stem cells, differentiation and cancerPreview
16.4 Meiosis and production of gametesPreview
16.5 Asexual and sexual reproduction comparedPreview
16.6 Structure and function of an insect-pollinated flowerPreview
16.7 Insect and wind pollination adaptationsPreview
16.8 Pollination, pollen tubes and fertilisation in plantsPreview
16.9 Seed structure, fruits and dispersalPreview
16.10 Germination conditions and enzyme-controlled growthPreview
16.11 Male and female reproductive systemsPreview
16.12 Gamete adaptations, fertilisation and pubertyPreview
16.13 Menstrual cycle and reproductive hormonesPreview
16.14 Early development, implantation, placenta and amniotic protectionPreview
17 Inheritance
17.1 Variation within a species: continuous and discontinuous patternsPreview
17.2 Investigating variation and presenting biological dataPreview
17.3 DNA structure and complementary base pairingPreview
17.4 Genes, proteins and control of cell functionPreview
17.5 Alleles, genotype, phenotype and pure breedingPreview
17.6 Monohybrid crosses and the 3:1 phenotypic ratioPreview
17.7 Test crosses, 1:1 ratios and probabilityPreview
17.8 Codominance and ABO blood-group inheritancePreview
17.9 Human sex determination using XX and XY chromosomesPreview
17.10 Gene mutation and sickle cell anaemiaPreview
17.11 Chromosome mutation and Down syndromePreview
17.12 Sources of genetic variation and mutagensPreview
17.13 Natural selection and evolution of populationsPreview
17.14 Antibiotic resistance and MRSA as natural selectionPreview
17.15 Artificial selection and economically important organismsPreview
18 Biotechnology & Genetic Modification
18.1 Yeast in bread-making and ethanol productionPreview
18.2 Why bacteria are useful in biotechnologyPreview
18.3 Industrial fermenters and controlled conditionsPreview
18.4 Enzymes in biological washing powdersPreview
18.5 Pectinase in fruit-juice productionPreview
18.6 Lactase and production of lactose-free milkPreview
18.7 Principles and stages of genetic modificationPreview
18.8 Genetically modified bacteria and human insulinPreview
18.9 Genetically modified crops: uses, advantages and risksPreview
19 Relationships Of Organisms With One Another & With The Environment
19.1 The Sun, photosynthesis and energy flow through living systemsPreview
19.2 Food chains, trophic levels and ecological terminologyPreview
19.3 Food webs and consequences of population changePreview
19.4 Inefficient energy transfer and length of food chainsPreview
19.5 Pyramids of numbers, biomass and energyPreview
19.7 The nitrogen cycle and protein formationPreview
19.8 Decomposition and the role of fungi and bacteriaPreview
19.9 Populations, communities, ecosystems and biodiversityPreview
19.10 Population growth factors and demand for resourcesPreview
19.11 Deforestation, over-harvesting and non-native speciesPreview
19.12 Eutrophication from sewage and fertilisersPreview
19.13 Greenhouse gases, global warming and likely effectsPreview
19.14 Insecticides, herbicides and non-biodegradable plasticsPreview
19.15 Conservation, sustainable forests and sustainable fish stocksPreview
